Where is sodium chloride used? Preparation of saline solution, application, composition

pharmachologic effect

Has a detoxifying and rehydrating effect. Replenishes sodium deficiency in various pathological conditions of the body and temporarily increases the volume of fluid circulating in the vessels.

The pharmacodynamic properties of the solution are due to the presence of sodium and chloride ions. A number of ions, including sodium ions, penetrate the cell membrane using various transport mechanisms, among which the sodium-potassium pump (Na-K-ATPase) is of great importance. Sodium plays an important role in neuronal signal transmission, electrophysiological processes in the heart, and metabolic processes in the kidneys.

Sodium is excreted primarily by the kidneys, however, large amounts of sodium are reabsorbed (renal reabsorption). A small amount of sodium is excreted in feces and through sweating.

How is saline solution made?

Saline solution, the composition of which does not contain many components, is produced in production in huge quantities. In the process of creating this medical product, salts are added to distilled water in a certain order. And only when the previous component has completely dissolved, the next one is added.

To prevent the formation of a precipitate in the solution, carbon dioxide is passed through the sodium bicarbonate. It is customary to add glucose last. The container in which the saline solution is prepared is of particular importance. Its composition contains many elements necessary for the body, but there are no metals among them, since they negatively affect the vital functions of tissues. Therefore, it is especially important that saline solution is prepared only in glass containers.

Dosage regimen

Intravenously (usually by drip). The required dose can be calculated in mEq or mmol of sodium, mass of sodium ions or mass of sodium chloride (1 g NaCl = 394 mg, 17.1 mEq or 17.1 mmol Na and Cl).

The dose is determined depending on the patient’s condition, loss of body fluid, Na+ and Cl-, age, and body weight of the patient. Serum plasma and urine electrolyte concentrations should be carefully monitored.

Dose of sodium chloride solution for adults

ranges from 500 ml to 3 liters per day.

Dose of sodium chloride solution for children

ranges from 20 ml to 100 ml per day per kg of body weight (depending on age and total body weight). The rate of administration depends on the patient's condition.

The recommended dose when used for dilution and dissolution of parenterally administered drugs (as a base diluent solution) is in the range from 50 ml to 250 ml per dose of the administered drug. In this case, the dose and rate of administration of the solution are determined by the recommendations for the use of the administered drug.

Why is sodium chloride given intravenously?

Sodium chloride, or saline solution, is a means of maintaining blood and intercellular pressure in the body. A sodium chloride dropper is used for hypohydration and intoxication of the body, with a decrease in blood volume.

Sodium chloride - solution for intravenous administration

Composition and price of sodium chloride

Sodium chloride solution, or saline, is a colorless, salty liquid that has no distinct odor. There are 2 types of saline solution with different concentrations of NaCl: 0.9% isotonic, and 10% hypertonic.

Composition of the product per 1 liter:

There are several forms of saline solution:

• ampoules of 1, 5, 10, 20 ml;
• bottles of 50, 100, 200, 250, 400, 500, 100 ml;
• packages of 250, 500, 1000 ml. Sodium chloride in packages of 250 ml.

Storage conditions for sodium chloride: store in a dry place, out of reach of children and pets, at a temperature of +18 to +25 degrees. The shelf life of the product is 5 years.

The cost of the solution depends on the form of release, volume and manufacturer. Average prices are:

1. In ampoules: 30-325 rubles.
2. In bottles and bags: 25-60 rubles.
3. Hypertonic saline: 80-220 rubles.

How is sodium chloride beneficial for the body?

Chlorinated sodium is present in blood plasma and tissue fluids of the human body. It is responsible for the stability of the osmotic pressure of intercellular fluid and blood. When there is a shortage of this substance, water leaves the vascular bed and passes into the interstitial fluid.

This provokes the following conditions:

• increased blood density;
• spasms of smooth, skeletal muscles;
• neurological pathologies;
• disorders of the cardiovascular system.

Chlorinated sodium is the fastest way to restore water-salt balance in the body

Infusion of saline solution returns the water-salt balance to normal, and also cleanses the body of toxins and breakdown products formed as a result of the activity of harmful bacteria.

External use of NaCl improves the secretion of pus, restores microflora, and destroys pathogenic microorganisms of various origins.

In addition, chlorinated sodium improves the absorption of medications. Patients are often placed on a drip with intravenous medications diluted with saline.

pharmachologic effect

Sodium chloride is used as a detoxification, rehydration and plasma replacement agent. Its use is accompanied by the following effects:

• normalization of water and salt balance;
• replenishment of Na and Cl deficiency;
• temporary increase in blood volume;
• increased urine output to cleanse the body.

Due to the improvement in the bioavailability of most drugs, saline solution is used in medicine as a means for diluting injection and infusion drugs.

Saline solution as a basis for injection and infusion preparations

It is incompatible or poorly compatible with the following medications:

• norepinephrine;
• corticosteroids;
• leukopoiesis stimulator Filgrastim;
• antibiotic Polymyxin B.

The saline solution has an osmotic pressure similar to the human blood environment, and therefore is quickly eliminated from the body. Already 1 hour after using the dropper, less than half of the product remains in the body.

Why is saline solution prescribed?

Saline solution is administered intravenously in the form of infusions when indicated:

1. Severe and critical dehydration of the body, disturbance of water-salt balance.
2. Reduced plasma volume with large blood losses, dyspepsia, severe burns, diabetic coma.
3. Carrying out surgical procedures, postoperative period.
4. Intoxication of the body due to infections and poisonings of various origins.
5. Epigastric, ileocecal, pulmonary bleeding.
6. Digestive pathologies: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, chronic and acute constipation.
7. Lack of Na and Cl in the body.

When introducing droppers of saline solution with additional components, the list of indications expands.

Instructions for use for dropper

Before introducing sodium chloride inside, it must be heated to a temperature of 36-38 degrees. The dosage of the drug is calculated individually, based on the patient’s condition, medical history, age and weight.

The average daily dosage of the drug varies in the following values:

1. Adults: 500-3000 ml.
2. During pregnancy: 300-1200 ml.
3. Children: 20-100 ml per kg of weight.

To instantly replenish the lack of Na and Cl, 100 ml is administered once.

The average dropper speed is 540 ml/h. The hypertonic solution is injected in a stream.

Jet injection of saline solution

For dilution and drip administration of other drugs, from 50 to 250 ml of physiological solution per dose of the drug is used.

Contraindications for intravenous administration

Infusion of saline solution is prohibited for the following pathologies:

• swelling of the lungs and brain;
• pathologies of the kidneys and heart muscle;
• abundance of Na and Cl, lack of K in the body;
• extracellular hyperhydration;
• dehydration inside the cell;
• taking large doses of corticosteroid medications. Sodium chloride should only be used as directed by a doctor

A dropper with saline solution is a quick and effective way to replenish blood volume in the body, restore water-salt balance, and cleanse toxins. To prevent the product from causing a negative reaction, it should be used exclusively under the supervision of a physician.

Medicines

Source: https://lechusdoma.ru/hlorid-natriya-vnutrivenno/

Side effect

Acidosis, overhydration, hypokalemia.

When used correctly, unwanted effects are unlikely.

When using sodium chloride solution 0.9% as a base solution (solvent) for other drugs, the likelihood of side effects is determined by the properties of these drugs. In this case, if adverse reactions occur, the administration of the solution should be suspended, the patient's condition assessed, adequate measures taken, and the remaining solution retained for analysis, if necessary.

If any of the side effects indicated in the instructions get worse, or you notice any other side effects not listed in the instructions, tell your doctor.

Droppers using saline solution

As we already mentioned, most IVs in hospitals are done using saline solution. By diluting the drug with it, you can achieve the desired concentration of the administered drug. The composition of the saline solution for droppers is indicated on the bottle with this drug (as a rule, a 0.9% aqueous solution of sodium chloride is used, it is also called isotonic). It is already in the concentration required for its use. It must be sterile, that is, the use of the drug with damaged packaging is prohibited. Droppers of saline solution are prescribed to thin the blood and eliminate swelling. If necessary, this remedy is combined with other medications. We hope our article answered in detail the question of what saline solution is and why it is used.

Pathological processes (poisoning, burns, infections) and many diseases cause intoxication of the body or large losses of fluid. To remove toxins from tissues and restore the required volume of circulating fluid, effective means are needed. Such a remedy is sodium chloride.

Contraindications to the use of the drug SODIUM CHLORIDE

- hypernatremia, acidosis, hyperchloremia, hypokalemia, extracellular hyperhydration;

- circulatory disorders that threaten cerebral and pulmonary edema;

- cerebral edema, pulmonary edema, acute left ventricular failure, concomitant administration of corticosteroids in large doses.

When adding other drugs to the solution, it is necessary to take into account contraindications to these drugs.

Carefully:

decompensated chronic heart failure, arterial hypertension, peripheral edema, preeclampsia, chronic renal failure (oligo-, anuria), aldosteronism and other conditions associated with sodium retention in the body.

Why use a sodium chloride drip: indications, application features

Saline solution or sodium chloride is quite widely and actively used in modern medicine.

It is noteworthy that it has been helping people out for decades and continues to be relevant; it has no competitive substitutes.

Saline solution can be taken intravenously and intramuscularly, as a means for washing the nose, gargling, and for treating wounds. In other words, its range of applications is large.

Indications for the use of sodium chloride for the treatment of diseases

So, why do they put in a sodium chloride drip? First of all, to regulate the well-being and condition of the body in case of dehydration, a sodium chloride dropper is capable of restoring the body’s water balance in a fairly short time, due to which the sodium deficiency is quickly replenished, which, of course, has a beneficial effect on the patient’s condition and well-being. It is very important that the solution does not linger in the body, it is quickly eliminated.

If intoxication of the body occurs, for example, with dysentery and food poisoning, a sodium chloride drip is also given, because the solution helps remove accumulated toxins.

By the way, within an hour after the administration of saline solution, a patient with poisoning will feel much better, and after a few hours, a sodium chloride dropper, if indicated, can be placed again, but, as a rule, one is enough.

Also, saline solution is used to rinse the nose, which is very good for a runny nose. The solution is able to wash away all pathogenic infections and moisturize the mucous membrane. By the way, you can use saline solution to rinse the nose for small children, even newborns, who cannot ease their breathing with drops or sprays.

Why is a sodium chloride drip placed in ENT practice? To rinse the nose, but not externally, as described above, but internally, that is, a sodium chloride dropper is placed directly into the nasal sinuses. This is most often done for acute purulent sinusitis.

The throat can also be washed, this is especially true for influenza, acute respiratory infections or sore throat. At the same time, in the presence of purulent deposits, you need to gargle with saline solution as often as possible.

Sodium chloride dropper during pregnancy

During pregnancy, women often have health problems, so a sodium chloride dropper can also be given, but in this case the solution should be administered only as prescribed by a doctor. You cannot do this on your own!

It is very important to note that during pregnancy, more than 400 ml of saline solution should not be used in one infusion; this is quite enough to maintain a normal state. An increase in the volume for administration can only be prescribed by a doctor based on diagnostic results.

The composition of the sodium chloride dropper is very similar to the composition of blood and therefore it can be given even to pregnant women and small children. Saline solution is a universal medical remedy, time-tested.

Why use a sodium chloride drip: indications, application features | Information portal about health, beauty and medicines MedNews.info

Source

Source: https://MedNews.info/dlia-chego-staviat-kapelnicy-natriia-chlorid-pokazanie-osobennosti-primeneniia/

special instructions

When performing any infusion, it is necessary to monitor the patient's condition, clinical and biological indicators, it is especially important to evaluate plasma electrolytes. In children, sodium excretion may slow down due to immature kidney function. Therefore, in such patients, repeated infusions should be carried out only after determining the plasma sodium concentration.

Use only a clear solution, without visible inclusions, if the packaging is not damaged. Administer immediately after connecting to the infusion system. Do not connect plastic containers in series. This may result in an air embolism due to the suction of air remaining in the first container, which may occur before the solution from the next container is delivered. The solution should be administered using sterile equipment in compliance with the rules of asepsis and antiseptics. To prevent air from entering the infusion system, it should be filled with solution, releasing any remaining air from the container completely. Other drugs can be added to the solution before or during the infusion by injection into a specially designated area of ​​the container.

As with all parenteral solutions, the compatibility of added substances with the solution must be determined before reconstitution.

Drugs known to be incompatible with it should not be used with sodium chloride solution 0.9%. A doctor should determine the compatibility of added medicinal substances with a 0.9% sodium chloride solution by checking for possible changes in color and/or the appearance of sediment, insoluble complexes or crystals.

Before adding, it is necessary to determine whether the substance being added is soluble and stable in water at the pH level of a 0.9% sodium chloride solution.

When adding a drug, it is necessary to determine the isotonicity of the resulting solution before infusion. Before adding drugs to the solution, they must be thoroughly mixed in compliance with aseptic rules. The prepared solution should be administered immediately after preparation, do not store!

Adding other drugs or changing the administration technique may cause fever due to the possible entry of pyrogens into the body. In case of development of undesirable reactions, it is necessary to immediately stop administering the solution. Before using the solution, you should not remove the container from the outer protective polypropylene/polyamide bag in which it is placed, as it maintains the sterility of the drug. Instructions for using Viaflo containers (Viaflo)

1. Opening the package.

A. Remove the Viaflo container from the outer pouch immediately before use.

b. While squeezing the container tightly, you need to check it for its integrity. If mechanical damage is detected, the container should be discarded, as sterility may be compromised.

V. Check the solution for transparency and absence of inclusions. The container should be discarded if the transparency is impaired or if there are inclusions.

2. Preparation for use.

To prepare and administer the solution, use sterile materials, a. Hang the container by the loop on the tripod. Remove the plastic fuse from the outlet port located at the bottom of the container:

- grab the small wing on the neck of the outlet port with one hand,

- grab the large wing on the lid with your other hand and twist it,

- the lid will open.

V. When setting up an infusion system, you should adhere to antiseptic rules.

d. Install the infusion system in accordance with the instructions for connecting, filling the system and administering the solution, which are contained in the instructions for the system.

3. Adding other drugs to the solution.

Attention: added drugs may be incompatible with the solution.

To add before administration:

A. Disinfect the drug injection area on the container (drug injection port).

b. Using a syringe with a 19-22 gauge needle (1.10-0.70 mm), make a puncture in this area and inject the drug.

V. Mix the drug and solution thoroughly. For high-density drugs such as potassium chloride, carefully inject the drug through the syringe, holding the container so that the drug injection port is at the top (upside down), and then stir.

Attention: do not store containers in which drugs have been added.

To add the drug during administration:

A. Move the system clamp that regulates the supply of solution to the “Closed” position.

b. Disinfect the drug injection area on the container (drug injection port).

V. Using a syringe with a 19-22 gauge needle (1.10-0.70 mm), make a puncture in this area and inject the drug.

d. Remove the container from the tripod and/or turn it upside down.

e. Bleed air from both ports.

e. Mix the drug with the solution thoroughly.

and. Return the container to the operating position, move the system clamp to the “Open” position and continue insertion.

Containers should be discarded after single use. Any unused dose should be discarded.

Do not reconnect partially used containers (regardless of the amount of solution remaining in it).

Impact on the ability to drive vehicles and operate machinery

Not described.

Sodium chloride price

In pharmacies in Moscow and St. Petersburg, saline solution can be purchased for an average of 30 rubles. At the same time, some private pharmacies, in an effort to compensate for losses, inflate the price of sodium chloride (often with an expired expiration date). For this reason, most of the population today prefers to buy medicines from bona fide virtual sellers. Meanwhile, you can find out the prices for saline solution for IVs in different pharmacies in Moscow below:

Some medications are especially popular among patients and doctors. Many of them can be easily purchased in the public domain without a prescription and used without consulting a specialist. Just such drugs include sodium chloride solution, also known as saline solution. This product is widely used for external and internal use, as well as for intravenous administration. Let's talk about what saline solution is, discuss its preparation, application and composition in a little more detail.

What is saline solution, what is its composition?

Saline solution is nothing more than an aqueous solution of salt - sodium chloride. In industrial pharmacological conditions, distilled water, several types of salts, as well as glucose and a certain amount of carbon dioxide are used for its preparation to avoid sediment.

The homemade version of saline solution in most cases is prepared from water and table salt. This solution is suitable mainly for external use.

Where is saline solution required, what is its use?

Doctors use the solution for resuscitation measures. Neem is used to dilute a variety of medicines and is also used to store eye lenses. Saline solution is administered mostly in the form of droppers; it can also be used as part of enemas. The main indications for drip administration are dehydration, intoxication, toxicosis of pregnancy, excessive swelling and blood loss. In serious situations, saline solution is quite capable of becoming a blood substitute.

Saline solution is an excellent basis for diluting various medications, both for droppers and for intramuscular and subcutaneous injections. Inhalations are also prepared based on it. When using saline solution to dilute medications, it allows you to achieve the desired concentration of the drug and reduce the pain of such a procedure.

Doctors also often use saline solution to impregnate bandages that are applied to purulent wounds to improve the drainage of pus.

Saline solution for use at home

Homemade saline solution of table salt can be used for internal consumption. It can be drunk to eliminate the effects of heat stroke, poisoning and dehydration.

This remedy is excellent for rhinitis of various types (including allergic). The saline solution remarkably dilutes the contents of the nose, facilitates nasal breathing and softens the mucous membranes. It can be used for sinusitis.

This medicine is excellent for washing the eyes; such procedures will help patients with inflammatory processes (for example, conjunctivitis) and allergies. You can also store contact lenses in it.

Saline solution is often recommended to be used for inhalation with a nebulizer. This product can be used to dilute medications, and in case of allergies it is recommended to use it in its pure form. During such procedures, saline solution remarkably thins mucus and relieves irritation.

You can also use this simple medicine at home to wash wounds if you don’t have other antiseptics at hand.

Preparation of saline solution

Pharmaceutical saline solution is made from distilled water. But in order to perform rinsing and inhalation, you can make such a remedy on your own. The homemade saline solution should be based on boiled water (if you use bottled water, you don’t have to boil it).

It is best to heat the water to thirty-seven to forty degrees. Dissolve nine grams of salt in a liter of water - if you don’t have precise scales, use a heaped teaspoon of table salt. Give preference to white purified salt, pour it into heated water and stir until the salt is completely dissolved. If there is an impurity and/or sediment visible in the liquid, filter it.

This homemade saline solution can be stored for a short time - no more than a day.

Saline solution in folk medicine

If you are going to use saline solution to rinse your nose, add a drop of iodine to it. So its unique antiseptic qualities will be more pronounced. This product can simply be poured into an empty, clean bottle with a syringe and sprayed into the nose as needed. You can also inhale the solution through your nose. Young children are advised to use saline solution for injections and instillations, because rinsing in children can cause otitis media.

Homemade saline solution can be used to soften and dissolve crusts in the nasal passages of newborn babies. It is instilled literally one or two drops at a time, and after some time the nose is cleaned with cotton wool.

Homemade saline solution can be used to both prevent and treat dehydration in children and adults. This remedy will be useful in case of active loss of fluid by the body - during diarrhea, vomiting, high fever, etc. To correct dehydration, you need to dilute not only salt, but also sugar in water. Use a teaspoon of salt and sugar per liter of water.

A saline solution prepared at home can be a good help in the treatment and prevention of many pathological conditions.

(in other words - saline solution) is a solution of sodium chloride NaCl. We will discuss it in detail, as well as how it is made and why it is used, in our article.

Overdose

Symptoms:

nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cramping abdominal pain, thirst, decreased salivation and lacrimation, sweating, fever, tachycardia, increased blood pressure, renal failure, peripheral edema, pulmonary edema, respiratory arrest, headache, dizziness, anxiety, irritability, weakness, muscle cramps and rigidity, generalized seizures, coma and death. Excessive administration of the solution may cause hypernatremia.

Excessive intake of chloride into the body can lead to hyperchlorimic acidosis.

When used as a base solution for diluting and dissolving other drugs, symptoms and complaints with excessive administration are most often associated with the properties of the drugs administered.

In case of unintentional over-administration of the solution, treatment should be stopped and the patient's condition assessed.

Treatment:

symptomatic.

Contraindications and side effects

The drug should not be used for high-grade hypertension, peripheral edema of unknown origin, or chronic heart failure. Therapy is carried out with great caution in the presence of severe kidney diseases, especially in cases of impaired filtration function.

Side effects that more often occur with an overdose may include:

spasms of the intestines, stomach;

The drug should not be used for high-grade hypertension, peripheral edema of unknown origin, or chronic heart failure. Therapy is carried out with great caution in the presence of severe kidney diseases, especially in cases of impaired filtration function.

Side effects that more often occur with an overdose may include:

• nausea, vomiting;
• spasms of the intestines, stomach;
• hyperhidrosis;
• hypertension;
• tachycardia;
  If the therapeutic dose of saline solution is greatly exceeded, fever, thirst, weakness, and severe abdominal pain may occur. Treatment is symptomatic, aimed at stopping the manifestations.

  Analogues include sodium chloride from different manufacturers, as well as combined formulations, for example, saline solution and sodium acetate.

  A drug	Compound	Price, rubles
  Sodium chloride-Brown	Sodium chloride	340
  Sodium chloride - Bufus	Sodium chloride	200
  Physiodosis	Sodium chloride	300
  Normasol	Sodium chloride	280
  Acesol	Sodium chloride, sodium acetate, potassium chloride	550
  Disol	Sodium chloride, sodium acetate	1150

  Before administering the drug by drip, it is important to make sure that there are no foreign inclusions in the solution and that the packaging is not damaged.

  The medicine should be administered with strict adherence to antiseptic rules. Drugs that are insoluble in it, such as those that form crystals and precipitate complexes, should not be used together with the medicine.

pharmachologic effect

Sodium and chloride ions are the most important inorganic components of the extracellular fluid, maintaining the appropriate osmotic pressure of the blood plasma and extracellular fluid. An isotonic solution replenishes fluid deficiency in the body during dehydration. Hypertonic sodium chloride solution, when administered intravenously, provides correction of the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid and blood plasma. When applied topically in ophthalmology, sodium chloride has an anti-edematous effect.

Saline solution (sodium chloride): composition, mechanism of influence on the body, medicinal properties

Sodium chloride is not only the well-known table salt dissolved in distilled water, but also a universal remedy known as saline solution or simply saline solution. In medicine, saline solution is used as a 0.9% NaCl solution (sodium chloride for infusion).

A solution of common table salt (NaCl) is an electrolyte that conducts electricity well. This simple medical saline solution helps regulate the alkaline and water-electrolyte balance in the cells of the human body.

To make a saline solution, purified salt is gradually dissolved in distilled water in portions to the desired concentration. It is important to observe the portion size of salt input, since complete dissolution of the crystals of the component is very important; sediment in the saline solution is unacceptable.

In the industrial production of sodium chloride, a strictly regulated technology is used: first, the salt is dissolved in stages, to eliminate the appearance of sediment, it is saturated with carbon dioxide, then glucose is added. Pour the solution only into glass containers.

Pharmacological action of saline solution (sodium chloride)

Sodium chloride is the most important component of human tissues and blood plasma. This substance ensures normal osmotic pressure in the fluid contained in the cells of the human body.

Sodium chloride or table salt enters the human body in sufficient quantities with food.

In some cases, a deficiency of this substance may occur in the human body, caused by increased pathological secretion of fluid and a deficiency in the absorption of salt consumed with food.

Pathologies leading to sodium chloride deficiency:

• uncontrollable vomiting;
• large surface burn;
• large losses of fluid in the body;
• dyspepsia, diarrhea caused by gastrointestinal infection or food poisoning;
• cholera;
• intestinal obstruction;
• hyponatremia;
• hypochloremia.

Sodium chloride is an isotonic solution. This means that the concentration of salts in the solution and in the blood cell of the plasma of the human body is the same and amounts to 0.9%.

The molecules of the solution pass freely through the cell membrane in different directions and do not disturb the balance in the pressure of the cellular and intercellular fluid.

Sodium chloride is the most important component in blood plasma and muscle tissue.

With a lack of sodium chloride in the human body, the amount of chlorine and sodium ions in the intercellular fluid and blood plasma decreases, which provokes blood thickening. A person experiences convulsions and muscle spasms, pathological changes appear in the nervous system, and disturbances in the circulatory system are noted.

To temporarily restore the water-salt balance and increase the amount of sodium chloride, a saline solution is injected into the patient’s body, which briefly improves the condition and buys time to prepare the main treatment for severe pathologies and large blood losses in the patient. Saline solution is used as a temporary plasma substitute. It is also used as a detoxification drug.

Unfortunately, the effectiveness of sodium chloride is limited by time; already an hour after administration of the drug, the amount of the administered active substance is halved.

When is saline solution used?

Saline solution (sodium chloride solution) has been successfully used:

• to preserve plasma volume during surgical operations and in the postoperative period;
• in case of severe dehydration of the body caused by various pathologies, to restore water-salt balance;
• to preserve plasma volume in case of large blood losses, severe burns, diabetic coma, dyspepsia;
• to reduce intoxication of the patient’s body during infectious diseases such as cholera, dysentery;
• for washing the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx during acute respiratory viral infections and acute respiratory infections;
• for washing the cornea of ​​the eye during inflammation, various infections, injuries and allergic manifestations;
• for moisturizing dressings when treating ulcers, bedsores, postoperative abscesses and other skin lesions;
• for inhalation for pathologies of the upper respiratory tract;
• for dissolving various medications when used together for intravenous administration into the patient’s body.

Methods of using sodium chloride (saline)

Intravenous and subcutaneous use.

In modern medical practice, it is impossible to do without a sodium chloride solution when administering any medications by drip and some subcutaneous injections, since all powdered and concentrated medicinal substances are dissolved in saline before use.

In order to maintain plasma volume, restore water-salt balance, in case of severe intoxication, swelling, and to eliminate blood thickness, patients are given injections containing saline solution.

A sodium chloride solution is injected into the patient's body intravenously (usually through an IV) or subcutaneously. Before the procedure, the saline solution for injection is heated to thirty-six or thirty-eight degrees Celsius.

When administering the solution, the patient’s physiological parameters (age, weight), as well as the amount of fluid lost and the amount of deficiency of the elements chlorine and sodium are taken into account.

The average person needs five hundred milliliters of sodium chloride per day, so, as a rule, this volume of saline solution is administered to the patient per day at a rate of five hundred and forty milliliters per hour.

Sometimes, if necessary, it is allowed to administer a saline solution with a volume of five hundred milliliters at a rate of seventy drops per minute.

If there is a large loss of fluid and a high degree of intoxication of the patient, it is allowed to administer a maximum of three thousand milliliters of solution per day.

The daily dose of sodium chloride for children is 20–100 milliliters per kilogram of the child’s weight.

If sodium chloride is used to dilute medications before drip administration, then take from fifty to two hundred and fifty milliliters of solution per dose of the drug, the injection rate and quantity depend on the drug that is being diluted.

Only sterile saline solution is used for internal administration.

Using saline solution to cleanse the intestines and stomach.

Sodium chloride is used for rectal enemas for persistent constipation to stimulate bowel movements. In this case, use three liters per day of a nine percent solution or one hundred milliliters of a five percent solution once. Before use, the drug should be warmed to body temperature so as not to irritate the intestines. For enemas, you can use unsterilized saline solution.

Sodium chloride is used for gastric lavage in case of food poisoning. In this case, they drink it in small sips to avoid spasms, then artificially induce vomiting. Only sterile preparation should be used.

Using saline solution to rinse the nasopharynx.

Saline solution is an effective and affordable means for rinsing the nasopharynx during a runny nose or inflammatory processes during acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections.

Even a single rinse of the nasal passages with saline helps to quickly clear the nose of mucus and stop a runny nose. This procedure is indicated for allergic rhinitis, with the threat of developing sinusitis, for the prevention of acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory viral infections. The drug is approved for use by nursing mothers, pregnant women, and children from the first days of life, when taking complex medications is harmful.

The good thing about the drug is that after rinsing the nasopharynx, the mucous membrane does not dry out and is not injured. The procedure can be repeated many times; there are no contraindications for the duration of local use.

To rinse the nose, it is easy to prepare a solution at home using the following recipe:

• table salt – one teaspoon (approximately nine grams),
• boiled water - one liter.

Dissolve salt in water and strain through cheesecloth.

The prepared solution is not sterile, but it can be used by children aged three years and older and adults.

For newborn children with nasal congestion and runny nose, one or two drops of only sterile saline .

Sodium chloride is successfully used to gargle a sore throat with a sore throat. This drug relieves swelling of the mucous membrane and kills pathogenic bacteria in the nasopharynx.

Use of saline solution for inhalation

Sodium chloride is successfully
used for inhalation in the treatment of acute respiratory viral infections and acute respiratory infections. Usually for this procedure it is convenient to use a special device for inhalation - a nebulizer, in which saline solution and the necessary medicine are mixed. The saline solution moisturizes the mucous membrane , and the medicine that the patient inhales will have a therapeutic effect.
To stop attacks of bronchial asthma, cough caused by allergies, saline solution for inhalation is mixed with medications that promote bronchial dilation (Berotec, Berodual, Ventolin).

bronchodilator medications are added to the saline solution .

It is usually recommended to carry out inhalations three times a day and for ten minutes for adults and five minutes for children. Such inhalations are very effective in treating young children.

Contraindications to the use of saline solution

Unfortunately, sodium chloride has contraindications for use, which should be taken into account when prescribing treatment with saline solution.

It cannot be used:

• with pulmonary edema,
• with cerebral edema,
• in acute heart failure,
• in case of renal failure,
• with a high content of sodium ions and chlorine ions in the body,
• with a lack of potassium in the body,
• when dehydrated inside the cell,
• with excess fluid outside the cell,
• when taking large doses of corticosteroids.

Side effects when using saline solution

Typically, saline solution is very well tolerated by patients.

However, when using sodium chloride in a treatment regimen in large doses or for a long time, there may be complications. Some patients have:

• dysfunction of the nervous system, which can be expressed in anxiety, weakness, severe headache with dizziness, increased sweating, and a feeling of constant thirst;
• dysfunction of the digestive system, which provokes nausea, diarrhea, stomach cramps, vomiting;
• disturbances in the menstrual cycle in women;
• skin changes (dermatitis);
• disturbances in the functioning of the cardiovascular system (rapid pulse, arrhythmia, arterial hypertension);
• anemia;
• a sharp decrease in potassium in the blood;
• increased acidity in the body;
• swelling.

If undesirable effects occur, the administration of saline solution is stopped. The doctor must assess the patient’s condition and provide the necessary assistance to eliminate side complications.

Conclusion

Before using any drug containing sodium chloride, you should consult your doctor .

The use of saline solution (sodium chloride) should be carried out under the supervision of the attending physician and accompanied by blood and urine tests.

Source: https://lor.guru/preparaty/siropy/fizrastvor/fizrastvor-natriya-chlorid-universalnoe-lechebnoe-sredstvo.html

Indications

Isotonic solution: dehydration of various origins. To maintain blood plasma volume during and after surgery. As a solvent for various drugs.

Hypertonic solution: disturbances of water-electrolyte metabolism: deficiency of sodium and chlorine ions; hypoosmolar dehydration of various origins (due to prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, burns; gastric fistula, pulmonary hemorrhage, intestinal bleeding).

Eye drops and ointment: irritation of the cornea in inflammatory and allergic diseases (as part of combination therapy).

What is saline solution needed for?

In general, this solution is actively used in medicine. It is used for:

• dehydration of the body (drips);
• dilution of various medications;
• in emergency cases, the solution acts as a blood substitute.

It is also used for:

• injections and droppers;
• washing contact lenses;
• and also as an antimicrobial agent.

For medicine, saline solution is an almost irreplaceable thing, since all droppers in medical institutions are made on its basis: medications are diluted with it to achieve the required concentration. Injections, especially vitamins, are most often also given with saline solution, which softens the effect of the drug and makes the injection less painful.

Dosage regimen

Isotonic sodium chloride solution is administered intravenously, subcutaneously and in enemas, and is also used for washing wounds, eyes, and nasal mucosa. More often it is administered intravenously, depending on the clinical situation - up to 3 l/day.

Hypertonic sodium chloride solution is administered intravenously. A single dose for intravenous jet administration can be 10-30 ml. For conditions requiring immediate replenishment of sodium and chloride ions, the drug is administered intravenously in a dose of 100 ml.

It is used locally and externally depending on the dosage form used and the treatment regimen.

What is the product used for at home?

The saline solution, the composition of which is indicated on the bottle, can always be freely purchased at the pharmacy. It can also be used at home, for example, for rinsing the nose. This substance can perfectly replace some expensive nasal sprays, and the effect will be exactly the same as after using expensive drugs.

In medicine, there are several types of saline solution, the compositions of which, depending on the purpose of use, may differ slightly from each other. The composition is not of fundamental importance, since this procedure can be performed using any version of the product, but it is best to take a 0.9% concentration. Rinsing the nose with saline is, in fact, a mechanical cleaning of the mucous membrane.

It is not difficult to do the procedure yourself. To do this, you need to tilt your head forward so that the openings of the nasal passages are parallel to the floor. This pose is very important. The head must be held in this way to prevent the solution from entering the auditory tubes. Afterwards you need to suck in some liquid through your nose. During a runny nose, saline solution, the composition of which is absolutely safe and brings only benefits to the body, will help clear the nose and make breathing easier.

Isotonic salt solution

> Throat

11.01.2020

Physiological (isotonic) solution is a salt solution that you can prepare yourself using readily available materials and it matches the osmolarity of body fluids.

The solution is suitable as a disinfectant, sterile washing of infected wounds, and washing away contaminants. Since the composition of salt is similar to the body, it causes less tissue damage than pure water: salts from the body will pass into pure water - along a concentration gradient, i.e.

from a higher concentration to a lower one, into water, an isotonic solution mechanically removes contaminants.

Hypertonic salt solution: what it is, medicinal properties, how to prepare and use

A hypertonic solution is a liquid with a sodium chloride concentration of more than 0.9%. A hypertonic environment causes water to leave cells (including red blood cells), causing them to shrink.

In addition to hypertonic, there are isotonic and hypotonic solutions.

Isotonic are aqueous solutions that are isotonic to blood plasma; the osmotic pressure of a hypotonic solution is lower than that of blood plasma.

The prepared pharmaceutical solution contains sodium chloride and distilled water. Sodium chloride is known in everyday life as table salt and is its main component.

Sodium chloride for inhalation. Inhalation of saline solution for children

Sodium chloride for inhalation is used in lower dosages for children. Particular care should be taken when treating young children. For children under 2 years of age, the duration of the procedure should not exceed 2 minutes. For older children, the duration of inhalation is increased to 3-7 minutes. You can do 2-4 procedures per day, taking into account the general condition of the child.

For infants, inhalation is carried out in the “lying down” position; before the start of the session, other babies need to be seated, calmed down and explained how to breathe correctly during the procedure. Make sure that the baby does not talk during the session - he may cough, which can lead to reflex vomiting.

The required dose of pre-warmed saline solution should be poured into the inhaler and treatment should begin. It is more convenient for small children to breathe through a special poppy that covers the nose and mouth; older children and teenagers can be given a medicinal solution through a mouthpiece - a tube that is captured with the lips. After inhalation, the child’s face is washed with warm water; food and drinks can be given no earlier than 30-60 minutes after the procedure.

How much sodium chloride is needed for inhalation in adults and children? The amount of the drug that can be used for one procedure depends on the age of the patient:

• for adolescents and adults, the volume of solution is 2-3 ml:
• for children from 2 to 6 years old – 1-2 ml;
• for children under 2 years old – no more than 1 ml.

Therapeutic inhalations can be done for 7-10 days. The dosage of the solution and the number of procedures are determined by the attending physician; parents should strictly follow all recommendations and monitor the correct execution of the procedure.

Inhalations during pregnancy

Inhalations with saline solution can be prescribed to pregnant women. Due to the complete identity of the solution with blood plasma, such treatment does not have a negative effect on the fetus, so the procedures can be carried out at any time, but only if a pure isotonic solution is used. If there is a need to use other medications that need to be diluted in saline, all prescriptions must be made by a doctor.

Inhalations based on a sodium chloride solution are recommended during pregnancy to alleviate a dry, painful cough, to eliminate a runny nose, dryness, sore throat and sore throat.

Compound

The active ingredient of this product is sodium chloride .
The formula for sodium chloride is NaCl, these are white crystals that quickly dissolve in water. Molar mass 58.44 g/mol. OKPD code - 14.40.1. Saline solution (isotonic) is a 0.9% solution, it contains 9 g of sodium chloride, up to 1 liter of distilled water.

Hypertonic sodium chloride solution is a 10% solution, it contains 100 g of sodium chloride, up to 1 liter of distilled water.

Preparation of saline solution

Everyone should know how to make saline solution for rinsing the nose. The recipe for making it is quite simple. All the necessary components are at hand in every home. Saline solution is an excellent remedy for a runny nose, but in order for its effectiveness to be higher, it must be used at an early stage of rhinitis.

To prepare saline solution you will need:

• salt;
• boiled or purified water.

So, how to prepare saline solution for rinsing the nose? The temperature of the water (1 liter) should be such that a teaspoon of salt will dissolve in it. After this, the resulting mixture is passed through cheesecloth to get rid of undissolved pieces. Despite the fact that the result is a non-sterile saline solution, it is no less effective than the pharmacy version.

When preparing the solution, you need to observe all proportions, because too much or too little salt will greatly affect the sensations. If the percentage of salt is more than 0.9 percent, then this can aggravate the pathology due to irritation of the mucous membrane.

The product is used only for rinsing the nose. Carrying out any other activities using a non-sterile product is strictly prohibited.

If the patient is interested in how to make it more effective, it is recommended to add several ingredients to the solution:

• a pinch of soda per glass of the finished product;
• a drop of iodine per glass of solution.

This saline solution is recognized by otolaryngologists, therefore it is also used for rinsing the nose of children. It is simple, affordable and quite effective in fighting the runny nose. One procedure is enough to experience significant relief.

At the same time, all secretions are removed from the nasal mucosa, but despite this, natural moisture is preserved. Using saline solution will not only prevent the development of complications, but also stop a runny nose.

Many people have a question about how to make saline solution at home. When using saline solution to treat a runny nose, a baby must maintain the same proportions as for adults. If the concentration of salt in the water is less than specified, an unpleasant irritating sensation may occur. At a higher concentration, the mucous membrane will suffer, because such a solution will simply dry it out, and as a result, its cells may be damaged. In any case, when treating a child, you must consult a doctor.

Instructions for use of Sodium Chloride (Method and dosage)

Having figured out what it is - sodium chloride, it must be said that

today, like ten years ago, saline solution is quite actively used in medical practice. Depending on the concentration, it can be isotonic or hypertonic.

For modern medicine, saline solution is simply vital, because not a single dropper can do without it. In this case, it acts as the basis for the drug; it is used to dilute dry medicines. In addition, injections are made based on sodium chloride - this is very important if a certain (appropriate) concentration is needed. By the way, injections with saline solution are less painful, the solution softens the injections.

As we have already said, almost all IVs in medical institutions are made using saline, diluting medications, both liquid and powder. As a rule, in order to achieve the required concentration of the drug, a 0.9% saline solution is used, because it does not need to be pre-diluted, it is already in the required concentration. It is very important that the saline solution is sterile; the health and life of the patient depends on it.

If we talk about saline droppers without adding a drug, they are also placed in hospitals, more often when the body is dehydrated, to thin the blood and to eliminate edema.

Due to the fact that the drug can be bought or ordered at any pharmacy, it can be used at home, without a doctor’s prescription. The spectrum is quite large. Very often, the nose is washed with saline solution for a runny nose or dry mucous membrane. In terms of composition, it is absolutely no different from some expensive nasal sprays.

In order to rinse your nose with this solution, you just need to tilt your head forward and suck in the liquid through your nose, then clean the cavity well. It is advisable to use one nostril first and then the other.

Saline solution can also be used for newborn babies who have problems with nasal congestion. It is undesirable for young children to use medications; it is better to rinse the nostrils with saline solution, and then no problems will arise. When your baby has a runny nose, you need to put 2-3 drops of saline solution into your nose several times a day.

In addition, saline solution is very often used for inhalation, but in this case one solution will not be enough; you will also need a special device - a nebulizer, into which the drug and saline solution will be injected. With this device, the person will inhale the medicine, and the sodium chloride will help moisturize the surface of the mucous membrane.

In this case, according to experts, the type of saline solution does not matter; both isotonic and hypertonic can be used. In this case, you can take a non-sterile solution, which can also be purchased at the pharmacy.

It is worth noting that inhalations using saline solution are extremely effective, especially when it comes to young children. Such procedures are good for the prevention of influenza and ARVI in the autumn-winter period; the effectiveness of therapy is very high.

In addition, saline solution is also used to wash the intestines for constipation or bowel movements. To do this, sodium chloride is taken into the enema and administered rectally. In this case, it is advisable to warm the saline solution a little so that it is warm and does not irritate the intestinal walls. You can use a non-sterile solution, but if we are talking about gastric lavage, then it is better to use only a sterile one. You need to drink it in small sips to avoid cramps. And then induce vomiting.

It should also be said that saline solution is also used externally, as a rule, for washing wounds, moistening gauze bandages, and wiping.

Inhalations with saline solution are done using a nebulizer.

The procedures are easy to carry out at home. Using the tool you can:

• moisturize the mucous membrane of the oropharynx and bronchi;
• reduce the intensity of catarrhal symptoms.

To ensure that the drug remains sterile until the expiration date, the rubber cap is not removed, but is pierced with a syringe.

Inhalations cure:

• bronchitis;
• tracheitis;
• nasopharyngitis;
• sinusitis;
• pneumonia;
• bronchial asthma;
• emphysema in the lungs.

Inhalations with sodium chloride are an effective method of treatment for diseases that affect the bronchi and lungs. Manipulation has little effectiveness in diseases that affect the condition of the nose and pharynx.

Nasal rinsing is carried out:

1. For various diseases with an infectious, bacterial, allergic course. The manipulation allows you to remove pus and mucus lingering in the nose.
2. For the prevention of various pathologies of the ENT organs. To ensure that the nasal mucosa does not lose its protective barrier, it must be systematically moistened. If the mucous membrane is dry, then the body is not protected from infection.

To clean your nose you need to have a pipette. The medication is effective for home use by adults, children, and during pregnancy. Self-rinsing using a bulb or syringe is not acceptable. This especially applies to young children. A product containing bacteria can penetrate the ear canal and lead to otitis media if the rules of manipulation are violated.

For children under 18 years old

Principles of using sodium chloride for nasal rinsing.

1. The manipulation is carried out an hour before or after a meal.
2. The solution is taken warm. A hot drug will burn the nasal mucosa, a cold one will worsen rhinitis due to tissue irritation.
3. After the manipulation, you cannot go for a walk in cold weather for an hour.
4. If the child cannot blow his nose on his own, use an aspirator.

Sodium chloride is used for inhalation and nasal rinsing for children of any age.

When the procedure is prescribed to an infant, such devices are prohibited for use. This is due to the delicate nasal mucosa in infants, which can be easily damaged.

To clean and moisturize the nasal mucosa, the following is prescribed:

• 1 drop for children under one year of age;
• from 1 year, 1-2 drops.

Instill the medication 3-5 times a day into each passage. For prevention, perform the procedure no more than 1-2 times a week. The dosage of sodium chloride for a nebulizer when preparing a product for a child depends on the type of pathology, age, and physiological characteristics. The proportions are drawn up by the doctor.

Features of the correct composition of the inhalation mixture:

1. For a simple runny nose, 10 microns or more of atomized particles are required.
2. Pharyngitis is treated with solutions with particles of 5-10 microns.
3. The size of inhalation mixtures for laryngitis and tracheitis is 5 microns particles.
4. Bronchial asthma is treated using 2-5 microns, and pneumonia with 0.5-2 microns.

Based on the disease, it will be determined how much to pour into the nebulizer for the child. The manipulation is carried out an hour before or after a meal.

Sodium chloride is a saline solution that can be used as a standalone medicine for inhalation, without adding other medications. Prescribed 2-4 times a day. Inhalations can also be given to small children.

Duration of the procedure:

• newborns and up to one year of life – up to 1 minute;
• 1-2 years – 1-2 minutes;
• 3-6 years 2-5 minutes;
• 7 and older – 5-10 minutes.

Treatment takes no more than 5 days, but everything is individual. Sodium chloride for inhalation is taken only sterile.

For adults

To cleanse the nasal passages, adult patients are prescribed 2 drops in each nasal passage.

Factors taken into account when administering inhalation to an adult:

1. The medicine is heated to 40 degrees.
2. Inhalation is done in between meals.
3. Treatment of the respiratory tract is carried out by inhaling the drug through the mouth, unless another method is indicated.
4. Nasopharynx is treated by breathing through the nose.

Based on the purpose of use and the composition of the mixture for inhalation, the dose for an adult will be from 5 to 15 ml. The proportions are determined only by the doctor. Inhalations are indicated for adult patients for 5 minutes up to 3 times a day.

If you need to cure a runny nose, you can use sodium chloride alone for inhalation. Dry coughs are treated with the addition of Pulmicort, wet coughs with Lazolvan.

For the elderly

The medicine for inhalation and nasal rinsing is approved for use in old age. Like children, old people are prescribed 2-3 ml of liquid. The manipulation takes 5 minutes. Initially, a shallow breath is taken through the mouth, the breath is held for 5 seconds. Exhale through the nose.

To rinse the nose, 1-2 drops are enough. The application process is the same as for adults. Before using the product, it is necessary to consult a doctor, who, based on the patient’s well-being, will be able to select the correct dosage and timing.

Sodium chloride is a saline solution that is used when the body loses extracellular fluid. Indicated for conditions that lead to limited fluid intake:

• dyspepsia due to poisoning;
• vomiting, diarrhea;
• cholera;
• extensive burns;
• hyponatremia or hypochloremia, in which dehydration is noted.

Considering what sodium chloride is, it is used externally to wash wounds, eyes, and nose. The drug is used to moisturize dressings, for inhalation, and for the face.

The use of NaCl is indicated for forced diuresis in cases of constipation, poisoning, and internal bleeding (pulmonary, intestinal, gastric).

It is also indicated in the indications for use of sodium chloride that this is a drug that is used for diluting and dissolving drugs that are administered parenterally.

The instructions for saline solution (isotonic solution) provide for its administration intravenously and subcutaneously.